The Violation of International Humanitarian Law by both Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces in Sudan

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There have been numerous reports of violations of international humanitarian law (IHL)—also known as the laws of war—in the Sudan conflict, particularly since the war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) escalated in April 2023. These violations include war crimes, indiscriminate attacks, and crimes against humanity, as documented by the United Nations, human rights organizations, and independent investigators. Key Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Sudan 1. Attacks on Civilians & Indiscriminate Bombardment Indiscriminate shelling and airstrikes in densely populated areas ( Khartoum, Darfur, Al-Jazira). Use of heavy artillery and rockets in urban centers, violating the principle of distinction (IHL requires targeting only military objectives). Reports of cluster munitions (banned under the Convention on Cluster Munitions, though Sudan is not a signatory). 2. Targeting of Medical Facilities & Humanitarian Aid Hospitals and clinics deliberately attacked by both SAF and RSF, violating Geneva Convention protections for medical units. Obstruction of humanitarian aid, including looting of World Food Programme (WFP) supplies and blocking relief convoys. 3. Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War Mass rape and sexual slavery reported, particularly by RSF forces in Darfur (documented by United Nation). These acts constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute of the ICC. 4. Extrajudicial Killings & Massacres Ethnic-targeted killings in Darfur ( El Geneina massacres), amounting to potential genocide. Mass executions of prisoners and civilians accused of supporting opposing factions. 5. Forced Displacement & Siege Tactics Starvation as a weapon: Blockading cities (Khartoum, El Fasher) to cut off food and water. Over 8 million displaced, making Sudan the world’s largest internal displacement crisis. 6. Use of Child Soldiers Both SAF and RSF have been accused of recruiting child soldiers, a violation of international law (Optional Protocol to the CRC). Legal Accountability & Investigations International Criminal Court (ICC): Investigating atrocities in Darfur (since 2005, now expanded). UN Fact-Finding Mission: Established in 2024 to document war crimes. Human Rights Watch & Amnesty International: Have published detailed reports on violations. Conclusion The Sudan war has seen systematic violations of IHL, with both sides committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. Despite international condemnation, accountability remains weak due to the ongoing conflict and geopolitical complexities. Authors : Adeniji Fatimo, Oluokun Olaniyi , Ogunbawo Yetunde

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