Center for Countermeasures against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents

https://www.academia.edu/129438646/Choking_Agents_in_Warfare_and_Industry_Mechanisms_of_Pulmonary_Toxicity_Clinical_Management_and_Public_Health_Challenges

" The figure above shows the 2D Fisher structure of Sodasulphanecobalamin" The molecule "Soda Sulphanecobalamin" appears to be a complex derivative of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Here's a breakdown of its likely structure and significance: Core Structure: The base is cobalamin, which consists of a corrin ring (similar to porphyrin) with a central cobalt atom. Modifications: Sulpha-: This prefix suggests the presence of a sulfonamide group (–SO₂NH₂) or a sulfur-containing moiety attached to the cobalamin structure. Soda: Likely refers to sodium (Na⁺), indicating a sodium salt form (e.g., –SO₃Na or –COONa if carboxylate is present). Function/Context: Sodasulphanecobalamin derivatives are rare but might be synthetic analogs of vitamin B12, potentially studied for their: Stability in aqueous solutions (due to the sulfonate/sulfonamide group). Role in enzymatic reactions (cobalamin is a cofactor in methylation and isomerization). Credited by : Salako N. O...

There have been numerous reports of violations of international humanitarian law (IHL)—also known as the laws of war—in the Sudan conflict, particularly since the war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) escalated in April 2023. These violations include war crimes, indiscriminate attacks, and crimes against humanity, as documented by the United Nations, human rights organizations, and independent investigators. Key Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Sudan 1. Attacks on Civilians & Indiscriminate Bombardment Indiscriminate shelling and airstrikes in densely populated areas ( Khartoum, Darfur, Al-Jazira). Use of heavy artillery and rockets in urban centers, violating the principle of distinction (IHL requires targeting only military objectives). Reports of cluster munitions (banned under the Convention on Cluster Munitions, though Sudan is not a signatory). 2. Targeting of Medical Facilities & Humanitarian Aid Hospitals and c...

The conflict in Sudan, particularly the ongoing war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has involved the use of various conventional weapons, including both light and heavy arms. Here are some of the key weapons reported in the conflict: 1. Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) AK-47/AKM assault rifles – Widely used by both SAF and RSF fighters. PKM machine guns – Common among infantry and mounted on vehicles. RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenades – Used against vehicles and fortified positions. DShK heavy machine guns – Mounted on technicals (improvised fighting vehicles). Sniper rifles (e.g., Dragunov SVD) – Used for long-range engagements. 2. Heavy Weapons & Artillery Mortars (82mm & 120mm) – Frequently used in urban and rural combat. BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers – Employed for indirect bombardment. Howitzers (e.g., D-30 122mm) – Used by SAF for artillery strikes. ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns – Often repurposed for ground atta...

February 25-28 Arms Trade Treaty, Working Group Meetings to the 11th Conference of States Parties (CSP11), Geneva March 3-7 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), Third Meeting of States Parties, New York March 3-7 Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), First Session of the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems April 4 International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action April 28-May 9 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 11th Review Conference, New York May 12-13 Informal UN General Assembly meeting on autonomous weapons systems, New York May 20-21 Arms Trade Treaty, CSP11 Informal Preparatory Meeting, Geneva August 1 15th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions August 11-22 Sixth Session of Biological Weapons Convention — Working Group on the strengthening of the Convention August 25-29 Arms Trade Treaty, 11th Conf...